Journal: Biology Direct

Article Title: NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy modulates colitis-associated ferroptosis in intestinal epithelial cells and mucosal repair

doi: 10.1186/s13062-026-00747-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: Inhibiting autophagy alleviates ferroptosis in IECs and colonic injuries. A rat model of colitis was established by drinking 3.5% DSS solution and the autophagy inhibitor (3-MA, 7.08 mg/kg) and ferritinophagy activator (4-OI, 35.4 mg/kg) were used to clarify the effect of ferritinophagy on colonic ferroptosis and inflammation. ( A ) Experiment flowchart. ( B ) DAI. ( C ) CMDI. ( D ) Pathological score of colonic injuries. ( E ) Morphology and structure of colonic tissues (HE staining, Scale bar = 100 μm, Magnification:200). ( F ) Cell ultrastructure (TEM, Scale bar = 2 μm, Magnification:6000). Red arrow: mitochondrial structure. ( G ) Serum DAO content. ( H ) Serum D-LA content. ( I , M ) Colonic ROS level (Fluorescent staining, Scale bar=100 μm, Magnification:200). Blue: nucle; green: ROS. ( J , N ) Colonic COX2 protein expression (IHC, Scale bar = 100 μm, Magnification:200). Blue: nuclei; brown: COX2. ( K , O ) Colonic GPX4 expression (IHC, Scale Bar = 100 μm, Magnification:200). Blue: nuclei; brown: GPX4. ( L ) Colonic Fe 2+ content. ( P ) Colonic ATG5 protein expression. ( Q ) Colonic LC3 protein expression. Data in a normal distribution are expressed as the mean ± SD ( n = 8). Data in a skewed distribution are expressed as the median ( P 25, P 75) ( n = 8). vs. NG * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01; vs. MG # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01; n.s.: no significance. NG: normal group; MG: model group; IG: autophagy inhibitor group; AG: ferritinophagy activator group. DAI: disease activity index; CMDI: colon macroscopic damage index; DAO: diamine oxidase; D-LA: D-lactate; ROS: reactive oxygen species; GPX4: glutathione peroxidase 4; COX2: cyclooxygenase-2; LC3: microtubule-associated protein light chain 3; ATG5: autophagy-related protein 5; 3-MA: 3-metryladenine; 4-OI: 4-octyl itaconate; HE: hematoxylin-eosin; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; IHC: immunohistochemistry

Article Snippet: 67 mL/kg) once daily; rats in the autophagy inhibitor group (IG) received intraperitoneal injection of 3-metryladenine (3-MA, MCE, NJ, USA) (7.08 mg/kg) once daily [ ]; rats in the ferritinophagy activator group (AG) received intraperitoneal injection of 4-octyl itaconate (4-OI, MCE, NJ, USA) (35.4 mg/kg) once every other day [ ].

Techniques: Staining, Expressing, Activity Assay, Transmission Assay, Electron Microscopy, Immunohistochemistry

Journal: Biology Direct

Article Title: NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy modulates colitis-associated ferroptosis in intestinal epithelial cells and mucosal repair

doi: 10.1186/s13062-026-00747-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: LV transfection was applied to overexpress or knock down the NCOA4 expression in vitro (1×108 TU/mL, MOI=40) and DSS solution (20mg/mL) was added to NCM460 cells to induce the inflammation model. Knockdown of NCOA4 reduced the key markers of ferritinophagy in NCM460 cells. (A, B) Comparison of the expression of NCOA4 protein. (C, D) Comparison of the expression of ATG5 protein. (E, F) Comparison of the expression of LC3 protein. (G, H) Comparison of the expression of FTH1 protein. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 3). vs NG *P<0.05, **P<0.01; vs MG #P<0.05, ##P<0.01, ###P<0.001, #### P<0.0001; n.s.: no significance. BC: blank control group; MG: model group (DSS); DSS+LV NC: LV negative control+DSS group; DSS+LV NCOA4 OE: LV NCOA4 overexpression+DSS group; DSS+LV NCOA4 KD: LV NCOA4 knockdown+DSS group. LV: lentivirus; NCOA4: nuclear receptor coactivator 4; FTH1: ferritin heavy chain 1; LC3: microtubule-associated protein light chain 3; ATG5: autophagy-related protein 5; DSS: dextran sulfate sodium salt

Article Snippet: 67 mL/kg) once daily; rats in the autophagy inhibitor group (IG) received intraperitoneal injection of 3-metryladenine (3-MA, MCE, NJ, USA) (7.08 mg/kg) once daily [ ]; rats in the ferritinophagy activator group (AG) received intraperitoneal injection of 4-octyl itaconate (4-OI, MCE, NJ, USA) (35.4 mg/kg) once every other day [ ].

Techniques: Transfection, Knockdown, Expressing, In Vitro, Comparison, Control, Negative Control, Over Expression

Journal: Biology Direct

Article Title: NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy modulates colitis-associated ferroptosis in intestinal epithelial cells and mucosal repair

doi: 10.1186/s13062-026-00747-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: NCOA4 alters the ferritinophagy in IECs in vivo. AAV transfection was used to overexpress and knock down the NCOA4 expression in vivo (1×10 11 v.g./200uL, tvi) and a colitis mice model was established by drinking 3% DSS solution. Suppression of NCOA4 weakened the ferritinophagy in IECs. ( A , B ) Comparison of the expression of NCOA4 protein. ( C , D ) Comparison of the expression of ATG5 protein. ( E , F ) Comparison of the expression of LC3 protein. ( G , H ) Comparison of the expression of FTH1 protein. Data are presented as the mean ± SD ( n = 8). vs. NG, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001; vs. MG, # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01, ### P < 0.001, ### P < 0.001, #### P < 0.0001; n.s.: no significance. NG: normal control group; MG: model group (DSS); AAV-NC-DSS: AAV negative control + DSS group; AAV-NCOA4 OE-DSS: AAV NCOA4 overexpression + DSS group; AAV-NCOA4 KD-DSS: AAV NCOA4 knockdown + DSS group. AAV: adeno-associated virus; NCOA4: nuclear receptor coactivator 4; FTH1: ferritin heavy chain 1; LC3: microtubule-associated protein light chain 3; ATG5: autophagy-related protein 5; DSS: dextran sulfate sodium salt; IEC: intestinal epithelial cell; TVI: tail vein injection

Article Snippet: 67 mL/kg) once daily; rats in the autophagy inhibitor group (IG) received intraperitoneal injection of 3-metryladenine (3-MA, MCE, NJ, USA) (7.08 mg/kg) once daily [ ]; rats in the ferritinophagy activator group (AG) received intraperitoneal injection of 4-octyl itaconate (4-OI, MCE, NJ, USA) (35.4 mg/kg) once every other day [ ].

Techniques: In Vivo, Transfection, Knockdown, Expressing, Comparison, Control, Negative Control, Over Expression, Virus, Injection

Journal: Biology Direct

Article Title: NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy modulates colitis-associated ferroptosis in intestinal epithelial cells and mucosal repair

doi: 10.1186/s13062-026-00747-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy modulates ferroptosis in IECs. Ferritinophagy can degrade ferritin via autolysosomes to release Fe 2+ , which modulates ferroptosis in IECs through the Fenton reaction and lipid peroxidation. NCOA4: nuclear receptor coactivator 4; Fe 2+ : Ferrous iron; Fe 3+ : Ferric iron; ROS: reactive oxygen species; ·OH: hydroxyl radical; MDA: malondialdehyde; GPX4: glutathione peroxidase 4; COX2: cyclooxygenase-2; ATG5: autophagy-related protein 5; LC3: microtubule-associated protein light chain 3; FTH1: ferritin heavy chain 1; DAO: diamine oxidase; D-LA: D-lactate; LPO: lipid peroxidation; IEC: intestinal epithelial cell. This figure was created using Biorender ( https://www.biorender.com/ )

Article Snippet: 67 mL/kg) once daily; rats in the autophagy inhibitor group (IG) received intraperitoneal injection of 3-metryladenine (3-MA, MCE, NJ, USA) (7.08 mg/kg) once daily [ ]; rats in the ferritinophagy activator group (AG) received intraperitoneal injection of 4-octyl itaconate (4-OI, MCE, NJ, USA) (35.4 mg/kg) once every other day [ ].

Techniques:

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Activity of Geranium macrorrhizum extracts, essential oils and their main components against three relevant flagellated protozoa

doi: 10.1101/2025.10.03.680318

Figure Lengend Snippet: Percentage of anti- Giardia (A), anti- Leishmania (B) and anti- Trichomonas (C) activity of EOs and extracts from G. macrorrhizum .

Article Snippet: Anti- Giardia (AG) activity assays were conducted on G. duodenalis trophozoites from the ATCC® 30957 strain (assemblage A), using flat-bottom microwell plates in quadruplicate.

Techniques: Activity Assay